Fairly severe energy deficits of 40% have been observed during strenuous military operations, and the severity only gets worse during periods of high physical activity. In general, these energy deficits are due to _______.

Service members being limited by the amount of food they can carry

Service members experiencing sleep interruption

Service members consuming high levels of caffeine

What is the primary metabolic change observed when glycogen availability is low during exercise?

Increased carbohydrate oxidation

Decreased carbohydrate oxidation

Increased lactate production

When glycogen stores are low going into exercise, it can negatively affect ____________.

Myogenic regulatory factors

Bone mineral density

Plasma volume

When the body shifts to fat oxidation, a leaner population with less fat stores start breaking down ________ for fuel.

Peptides

Pyruvate

Branched-chain amino acids

Sustained military operations under severe energy deficit often led to ___________.

Improved anabolic signaling

Anabolic resistance

Increased glycogen storage

A seven-day winter military operation was associated with ______________.

Increased lower-body power

Improved recovery

Declines in protein balance and performance

One practical strategy to reduce energy deficit in the field is to __________.

Increase fasting periods prior to training event

Provide at least one hot meal per day

Eliminate Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MRE) use

Which of the following was recommended as a supplemental carbohydrate option during periods of high energy expenditure?

Fish oil capsules

Sport chews

Creatine gummies

During load carriage, exogenous ketones appear to ____________.

Spare glucose

Increase glucose oxidation

Not spare glucose

Exogenous ketone supplements accounted for approximately what percentage of exercise energy expenditure?

3%

5%

15%