Which of the following is a naturally occurring nitrogenous organic compound that can increase the energy supply available during short-duration, high-intensity exercise?

Caffeine

Creatine

Beta-alanine

Which of the following statements regarding creatine supplementation is most accurate?

Creatine is not an anabolic steroid

Creatine is a banned substance in most athletic competitions

Creatine likely causes hair loss in healthy adults

Which of the following receptors does caffeine primarily block to reduce feelings of relaxation and fatigue?

Adenosine

Dopamine

Acetylcholine

Based on current evidence, the recommended optimal dose of caffeine is approximately _______.

0.5 – 1 mg/kg body mass

10 – 15 mg/kg body mass

3 – 8 mg/kg body mass

All the following are stages involved in muscle protein synthesis except _______.

Initiation

Elongation

Oxidation

Which protein is rapidly digested, contains a high concentration of leucine, and is known for quickly stimulating muscle protein synthesis?

Whey

Casein

Plant-based

According to current evidence, younger adults seeking to maximize gains in muscle size and strength should generally consume at least _______.

1.6 g/kg/day

1.2 g/kg/day

0.8 g/kg/day

Which of the following statements is most consistent with recent research on protein intake?

The body cannot utilize more than 25 g of protein in a single meal

Large protein doses may prolong the anabolic response beyond that observed with smaller doses

Any protein consumed above 25 g is converted directly to body fat

Which timing strategy may maximize the muscle protein synthesis?

Consuming essential amino acids only before sleep

Consuming essential amino acids 24 hours before resistance exercise

Consuming essential amino acids immediately before resistance exercise

The ergogenic benefits of beta-alanine supplementation are primarily due to increased production of _______.

Carnosine

Phosphocreatine

Adenosine triphosphate