This article provides the first academic history of the barbell back squat and its evolution from a bodyweight exercise in the 19th century to a loaded exercise used for a variety of purposes in the present age. In doing so, the article highlights three key drivers in the evolution of the back squat—changes in equipment, the diversification of strength sports, and scientific communication concerning the safety and efficacy of the movement. The goal of this article was not to provide a dry and irrelevant history but rather to stress the complexity of the squat’s prominence within fitness programs and the need to hold a nuanced view toward the “optimal” way to approach this movement. It examines how the movement evolved from being primarily done on the tips of one’s toes, to a loaded movement on tippy toes, to a flat-footed movement. By contextualizing the back squat’s history, this article challenges rigid notions of “correct” squatting technique and encourages a more nuanced understanding of exercise selection in strength and conditioning practice. It concludes by highlighting the importance of critically examining the social construction of knowledge in fitness and sport, and the value of historical perspective in informing contemporary training practices

Nutrition and dietary intake are key factors for exercise and sport performance. While a substantial body of research highlights the impact of nutrition on exercise, many dietary and nutrient recommendations are based on research studies only conducted in men. However, the distinct physiological, neurological, and hormonal changes across a woman’s life cycle significantly affect nutritional needs. This narrative review explores key recommendations for calories, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and select supplements, highlighting the absence of sex-specific guidelines in current dietary frameworks for strength and conditioning female athletes. The review synthesizes current literature to provide practical guidance for coaches, sport dietitians, and health practitioners to optimize both performance and health outcomes for female athletes.

NSCA has a network of volunteer leaders who direct NSCA’s efforts at the state level. NSCA’s Mid-Atlantic Regional Coordinator provides oversight and training to local state directors. Members in the Mid-Atlantic Region can connect at local and regional events as well as on Facebook to others in this area.

The strength and conditioning profession involves combined competencies for the application of sport/exercise science, administration, management, teaching, and coaching. Its professionals must also comply with various laws and regulations while responding to instances of potential injury, and related claims and suits. This creates remarkable challenges, and requires substantial experience, expertise, and other resources to effectively address them, especially in multi-sport (e.g., collegiate and scholastic) settings.

The NSCA Education Recognition Program (ERP) Personal Training Program recognizes and distinguishes both 2-year and 4-year degree granting academic institutions with standardized, approved personal training curricula that is designed to prepare students for the NSCA-CPT® and the NSCA Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist® (CSCS®) certifications. The program does not have to be classified as a major, minor, sequence, or concentration. However, it does have to be a formalized area of study. A full list of required content areas can be found in the Personal Training Program application.

The NSCA Education Recognition Program (ERP) Undergraduate Strength and Conditioning Program recognizes and distinguishes baccalaureate degree granting academic institutions with standardized, approved strength and conditioning curricula that is designed to prepare students for the NSCA Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist® (CSCS®) certifications. The program does not have to be classified as a major, minor, sequence, or concentration. However, it does have to be a formalized area of study. A full list of required content areas can be found in the Undergraduate Strength and Conditioning Program application.

Check out NSCA's featured videos and collection of video resources.

NSCA has a network of volunteer leaders who direct NSCA’s efforts at the state level. NSCA’s Midwest Regional Coordinator provides oversight and training to local state directors. Members in the Midwest Region can connect at local and regional events as well as on Facebook to others in this area.