What major limitation in current sports nutrition research does the article emphasize?

Overreliance on endurance-based studies

Nutrition guidelines are largely derived from male-only research

Excessive focus on dietary supplements

Which hormones fluctuate across the menstrual cycle and influence nutritional needs?

Testosterone and cortisol

Insulin and glucagon

Estrogen and progesterone

Relative Energy Deficiency (REDs) in sport is primarily described as which of the following?

A mismatch between energy intake and expenditure

An excess of training volume

Inadequate protein intake based on individual needs

Based on the research presented, muscle protein synthesis responses to resistance training in females are ____________.

Similar across menstrual cycle phases

Strongly dependent on menstrual cycle phase

Suppressed during the luteal phase

Low energy availability in females is diagnostically defined as which of the following?

<20 kcal/kg fat-free mass per day

<30 kcal/kg fat-free mass per day

<40 kcal/kg fat-free mass per day

Why is carbohydrate loading often unnecessary for female strength training athletes?

Females have faster glycogen repletion

Strength training relies more heavily on adipose-based energy production

Females use less muscle glycogen during resistance exercise

Intra-exercise carbohydrate intake of 30 – 60 g per hour is recommended with which of the following?

Training in a fasted state

Session duration is longer than three hours

Fatigue is present during training

The recommended fat intake for female athletes is which of the following?

10% of total caloric intake

15 – 20% of total caloric intake

25 – 30% of total caloric intake

Creatine supplementation in females has been shown to_________________.

Result in significant weight gain in some menstrual phases

Improve fluid balance in the luteal phase

Be less effective during high-intensity interval training (HIIT)

Compared to men, females generally have ____________.

Greater glycolytic capacity

A higher proportion of type 1 muscle fiber

Faster contractile properties