Compared to dry clothes, how does wet clothing affect individuals exercising in the cold?

It improves insulation and reduces heat loss

It increases the decline in deep body temperature

It has no impact, as environmental temperature drives heat storage and loss

According to most studies, at what ambient temperature range is marathon running performance typically optimal?

18 – 22°C

8 – 12°C

0 – 4°C

The three categories of cold injuries include all the following except for what?

Cold spasm (cramping)

Hypothermia

Cold/dry (freezing)

Hypothermia is clinically defined when the core body temperature is below what temperature?

33°C

35°C

37°C

What aerobic intensity was shown to lower the risk of hypothermia when exposed to 4°C air for four hours while wearing wet clothes in relatively windy conditions?

20% V̇O2max

35% V̇O2max

>50% V̇O2max

Large temperature gradients between the body and the environment lead to what?

High likelihood of heat stress

Metabolic heat storage

The dissipation of bodily heat

At the onset of exercise, a small amount of heat storage typically activates all the following except what?

Cutaneous vasodilation

Cutaneous vasoconstriction

Sweating

Related to heat, at what environmental temperature did laboratory studies begin to observe reductions in endurance performance during time-to-exhaustion trials?

35°C

20°C

10°C

All the following have been labeled as major contributing factors to performance decrements in the heat except for what?

Exercise-induced increased blood pressure

Convergence of core and skin temperature

Progressive dehydration

Heat acclimation to improve hot-weather running performance requires 60 – 100 min of moderate-intensity exercise in a warm environment across what duration?

1 – 2 weeks

1 – 2 months

2 – 3 consecutive days

What is the relationship between running economy (RE) and aerobic capacity?

RE is higher in runners with a higher aerobic capacity

RE is higher in runners with a lower aerobic capacity

RE can vary between runners with similar aerobic capacities

What is the relationship between running gait and RE?

The most economical gait varies between individuals

Shorter ground contact time is most economical

Decreased vertical oscillation is most economical

What is one of the three variables Moore et al. found to explain the majority of the variance in running economy?

Delayed peak dorsiflexion in stance

Greater knee extension at takeoff

Increased eversion velocity at foot contact

What does the majority of the research evidence reviewed suggest regarding the targeting of running gait flaws to improve RE?

Gait retraining always improves RE

Gait retraining will not improve RE

Gait retraining to improve RE is difficult

What is the relationship between different biomechanical gait parameters?

A change in one parameter will always affect another parameter

A change in one parameter can cause an unintended change in another

A change in one parameter will never affect another parameter

What did the reviewed research suggest regarding a global gait retraining strategy?

Runners can significantly improve their RE over time

Runners can learn to override their natural running pattern

Runners who use traditional footwear see the greatest improvement

What is the easiest biomechanical parameter to assess?

Gait cycle timing

Vertical oscillation

Ground contact time

 What is the effect on RE of switching a runner’s habitual foot strike pattern?

RE is increased

RE is decreased

RE is unchanged

How does increasing cadence affect ground contact time (GCT)?

GCT is increased

GCT is decreased

GCT is unchanged

What percentage of the body’s lift off the ground does an arm swing contribute?

1 – 3%

5 – 10%

12 – 15%

What occurs during the leg-spring compression phase of running?

Mechanical energy is released

Mechanical energy is stored

The body is propelled forward

How does the leg-spring react to deforming forces?

Resists deforming forces

Accepts deforming forces

Resists and accepts deforming forces

What is the relationship between stiffness and the magnitude of returned elastic energy during the leg-spring decompression phase? 

No correlation

Negative correlation

Positive correlation

What is higher leg stiffness (K_leg) associated with?

Increased impulsion loading to the bones

Maximum ground reaction force production

Decreased vertical stiffness of the legs

What is the result of greater passive stiffness?

Lowered sprint performance times

Improved endurance running ability

Decreased running economy

What is the primary determinant of K_leg?

Vertical stiffness (Kvert)

Musculotendinous stiffness

Joint stiffness (Kjoint)

What type of arch in the foot is associated with less ability to absorb collision forces?

High arch

Medium arch

Low arch

Which foot-strike pattern is associated with decreased K_joint  in the knee?

Rearfoot strike (RFS)

Forefoot strike (FFS)

Midfoot strike (MFS)

How does the running cost of FFS compare to the running cost of RFS when running shoes are standardized?

FFS running cost is higher

RFS running cost is higher

No difference in running cost

What is the effect of barefoot running on K_leg?

Decreases

Increases

Unchanged

Which is one of the general pacing strategy types?

Central governor

Psychobiological

Variable

What pacing strategy appears to be optimal for events of 2 min – 24 hr?

Negative

Even

Terrain-dependent

What is one pacing strategy endurance athletes tend to adopt in competition?

Positive

Negative

Even

At what point in the training program should a pacing strategy be integrated?

Early

Middle

Late

What is cardiac drift?

The change from utilizing fat to utilizing carbohydrate for energy

Increase in cardiovascular strain with increasing dehydration

Decrease in the perception of effort during endurance tasks

What is the minimum recommended in-race carbohydrate (CHO) intake per hour?

20 g CHO/hour

25 g CHO/hour

30 g CHO/hour

What is recommended for athletes competing in the heat?

Match fluid intake to sweat rate

Overhydrate prior to the race

Drink in order to satisfy thirst

What is the minimum recommended acclimation period to gain the greatest benefit for maintaining exercise intensity in the heat?

5 days

7 days

10 days

What is recommended to leverage social facilitation throughout a race?

Run with individuals who are faster

Run with individuals who are similar

Run with individuals who are slower

How do mental skills attenuate mental fatigue?

Alters heart rate

Changes running rhythm

Modifies perceived effort

How many joints are in the human foot and ankle?

33

23

13

Which portion of the lower limb contains numerous nerve endings that act as the primary receptors for sensory information?

Metatarsophalangeal joints (MPJ)

Ankle

Sole

What does barefoot running increase compared to shoes-on running (i.e., shod running)?

Abnormal joint torques at the hip

Somatosensory information

Perceived risk of injury

Regarding factors affecting running, compared to running with shoes on, barefoot running results in all the following except what?

Increased stride frequency

Increased stride length

Decreased ground contact time

Which of the following has been demonstrated during shod running?

Increased vertical impact peak (collision force)

Higher breaking impulses

Increased tibia acceleration

As identified in this article, what specific exercise training leads to increased horizontal jump distance? 

Isometric plantarflexion

Standing dynamic calf raises

Heavy barefoot squatting

As described by this article, what type of exercise training leads to improved foot arch characteristics?

Isometric plantarflexion

Long TFM training

Toe flexion

Compared to runners with plantar fasciitis, injury-free runners have _______ range of motion of the first MPJ.

Less

Greater

Similar

What type of footwear leads to the fastest reaction times?

5 mm shock absorption material

Barefoot (no footwear)

Health sandals

Bone-related injuries are related to which anatomical feature?

Pes cavus

Pes planus

Greater foot pronation