During the concentric phase of the low-bar back squat, which of the following muscles acts as an antagonist to the gluteus maximus?

quadriceps

hamstrings

psoas major

Which of the following muscle groups and types of muscle actions are associated with the downward phase of the dumbbell biceps curl?

	Primary muscle group	Primary muscle action
A	elbow extensors	eccentric
B	elbow flexors	eccentric
C	elbow flexors	concentric

A

B

C

Which of the following rest periods is most appropriate for a middle distance runner performing 800-m running intervals in 2 min?

2 min

4 min

6 min

As compared to males, the potential for force production of females per muscle cross-sectional area is

lower.

similar.

higher.

Which of the following cardiovascular adaptations to chronic aerobic exercise contributes the most to improved aerobic endurance performance?

increased maximal cardiac output

decreased resting blood pressure

lowered resting heart rate

Which of the following events occurs in the hamstring muscles during the concentric muscle action of leg (knee) curl exercise?

the A-band length increases

the I-band length stays the same

the H-zone length decreases

Depletion of which of the following fuel sources hinders marathon performance most?

muscle glycogen

triglycerides

creatine phosphate

Which of the following situations would most inspire an athlete with a high motive to achieve success?

a very easy competition in which the probability of success is virtually guaranteed

a challenging situation in which the probability of success to failure is even

an extremely difficult situation in which the probability of success is highly unlikely

Which of the following is a characteristic of Type II muscle fibers?

slow contraction speed

small fiber diameter

high power output

Which of the following relies predominantly on the phosphagen energy system?

200-m swim

3K race

5RM push press

Which of the following muscle actions produces the greatest amount of muscle force?

eccentric

isometric

concentric

Which of the following exercises increases axial bone mineral density most?

seated leg press

barbell shoulder press

dumbbell chest press

Which of the following exercises is an example of a first-class lever?

triceps pushdown

lateral raise

biceps curl

Which of the following muscle actions contributes to increased force production when performing a countermovement jump?

concentric

eccentric

isometric

Which of the following increases serum testosterone most during resistance training?

high intensity (10RM)

short rest periods (30-60 seconds)

moderate resistance (67%-85% of 1RM)

Which of the following decreases as a result of resistance training and increases due to aerobic training?

muscle fiber size

mitochondrial density

osteoblast synthesis

An exercise session consisting of which of the following modalities results in the largest increase in serum HGH concentration?

moderate-intensity aerobic exercise

moderate-intensity resistance exercise

high-intensity resistance exercise

A female, college-age athlete began a strength and conditioning program 10 weeks ago. In the weeks following, she continues to see gains in her strength. Which of the following most likely contributes to this change?

improved neuromuscular efficiency

conversion of Type I to Type II muscle fibers

increased muscle fiber size

An increase in which of the following is a marker of aerobic overtraining?

body fat percentage

muscle glycogen

creatine kinase concentration

Use of a weight belt is the most important when performing which of the following exercises at a 1RM load?

leg press

bench press

back squat

An increase in which of the following increases oxygen delivery to the active muscles during acute aerobic exercise?

blood hemoglobin

cardiac output

plasma volume

If calcium is not returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which of the following best describes what occurs in the muscle?

fused tetany

flaccid paralysis

twitch summation

A novice athlete has been following an aerobic endurance training program for 12 months. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

decreased resting a-vO2 difference

decreased maximal tidal volume

increased resting stroke volume

A female marathoner trains at sea-level. She travels to a race venue held at an altitude of 5280 ft (1625 m). Which of the following best describes the immediate physiological effect?

increased cardiac output

decreased ventilation rate

decreased tidal volume

Which of the following is used to calculate power?

force x distance

work ÷ time

acceleration ÷ force

Which of the following activities occurs primarily in the transverse plane?

barbell push jerk

bent-over lateral raise

bent-over row

Which of the following may hinder an athlete's focus during competitive sport performance?

placekicker stretching his hamstrings or checking the turf

pitcher's awareness of players on base

basketball player focusing on other players during a free throw

Which of the following components stimulate new bone?

progressive overload, direction of force, and rate of loading

rate of loading, progressive overload, and rest period

rest period, direction of force, and progressive overloa

Gas exchange during respiration occurs in which of the following structures?

veins

bronchioles

capillaries

An athlete wants to train the glycolytic and aerobic energy systems. Which of the following rest periods is the most appropriate if she performs work intervals of 60 sec in duration?

1 min

2 min

3 min

Which of the following protocols most closely simulates the metabolic demands of a basketball game?

	Work interval	Intensity (%maximal power)
A.	10 sec	95%
B.	30 sec	75%
C.	50 sec	55%

A

B

C

Which of the following factors determine the primary energy system used during exercise?

exercise intensity and exercise mode

exercise intensity and exercise duration

exercise duration and exercise mode

Which of the following involves training loads that are most associated with increases in serum testosterone concentrations?

muscular strength

muscular hypertrophy

muscular endurance

A parent informs the strength and conditioning professional that her child has been classified as being at Tanner's Stage 1. What does the Tanner classification assess?

chronological age

psychological age

biological age

Which of the following muscles acts isometrically during the deadlift exercise?

gastrocnemius

erector spinae

rectus femoris

Which of the following exercises involves a second-class lever?

standing calf (heel) raise

dumbbell biceps curl

lying triceps extension

All innervated muscle fibers of a motor unit fully contract when stimulated due to which of the following?

size principle

selective recruitment

all-or-none principle

Which of the following increases as an adaptation to chronic resistance training, but decreases as an adaptation to chronic aerobic training?

mitochondrial density

maximal power production

creatine phosphate stores

The latissimus dorsi performs which of the following muscle actions during the upward movement phase of the lat pulldown exercise?

isometric

eccentric

concentric

A 12-year-old athlete has been resistance training twice a week for six weeks. Which of the following adaptations contribute the most to training-induced strength gains?

increased muscle size

increased motor unit activation

greater testosterone concentration

To allow for cross-bridge interactions during muscular contraction, calcium must bind with which of the following?

troponin

tropomyosin

actin

Which of the following best describes the effect on mechanical advantage as a resistance moment arm shortens?

increases

decreases

no change

Which of the following is the most appropriate to stimulate bone growth?

deep water running

hex bar deadlift

race walking

In comparison to an elite Olympic weightlifter, an elite long-distance cyclist will have a greater percentage of which of the following?

Type I muscle fibers

Type IIa muscle fibers

Type IIx muscle fibers

A 17-year-old high school tennis player follows an aerobic training program 3 days per week at 70% HRmax for 4 weeks. Which of the following is the most likely to increase?

stored creatine phosphate

body fat percentage

maximal rate of force production

An 18-year-old collegiate rugby player is participating in a resistance training program. The strength and conditioning professional conducted strength testing every 6 weeks with the following results:

Exercise	Pre-testing	Week 6	Week 12	Week 18
1 RM Bench Press	200 lb (91 kg)	210 lb (95.5 kg)	215 lb (97.5 kg)	225 lb (102.5 kg)

Which of the following is primarily responsible for the increases in strength during the first 8 weeks?

muscle fiber hypertrophy

motor unit synchronization

increased pennation angle

Which of the following best identifies the joint actions during the upward phase of the push press exercise?

rapidly flex the hips, knees and ankles while extending the arms to push the bar overhead

rapidly extend the hips, knees and ankles and then the arms to push the bar overhead

rapidly extend the arms overhead while a slightly flexed position at the hip and knees

Which of the following is a marker of aerobic overtraining?

decreased total testosterone concentration

increased muscle glycogen stores

increased resting catecholamine level

Within the biceps brachii muscle, the I-bands lengthen during the downward movement phase of which of the following exercises?

bench press

lat pulldown

bent-over row

During a single exercise session, which of the following training variables should be decreased to produce a greater adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production capacity?

duration

intensity

rest

A high school junior 1600-m runner has been aerobically training for 2 years. She improves her performance time throughout the course of her first season on the team. Which of the following is primarily responsible for her performance increases?

decrease in lean body mass

improvement in VO2max

increase in running economy

Which of the following will be improved the most by increasing the strength of the hip flexor muscles?

maximum speed

start speed

deceleration speed

Which of the following accumulates in the working muscle as an athlete exercises at near-maximum intensity?

hydrogen ions

creatine phosphate

lactic acid

Which of the following is characterized by a personal desire to improve?

extrinsic motivation

achievement motivation

intrinsic motivation

Which of the following will decrease the power output of an athlete performing the snatch exercise?

increasing the load from 90 to 95% of the athlete’s 1RM

increasing the speed at which the athlete performs the exercise

lengthening the rest period between sets of the exercise

Which of the following adaptations results from heavy resistance training?

increased capillary density

decreased triglyceride storage capacity

increased Type II fiber cross-sectional area

Which of the following muscles acts as an agonist during the second pull of the power clean?

latissimus dorsi

trapezius

tricep brachii

Which of the following cause an athlete's heart rate to increase during the anticipatory period immediately before the start of a race?

	Parasympathetic activity	Sympathetic activity
A.	increase	decrease
B.	increase	increase
C.	decrease	increase

A

B

C

Which of the following contributes most to shock absorption while running?

eccentric plantar flexion

concentric hip extension

eccentric knee flexion