This article provides the first academic history of the barbell back squat and its evolution from a bodyweight exercise in the 19th century to a loaded exercise used for a variety of purposes in the present age. In doing so, the article highlights three key drivers in the evolution of the back squat—changes in equipment, the diversification of strength sports, and scientific communication concerning the safety and efficacy of the movement. The goal of this article was not to provide a dry and irrelevant history but rather to stress the complexity of the squat’s prominence within fitness programs and the need to hold a nuanced view toward the “optimal” way to approach this movement. It examines how the movement evolved from being primarily done on the tips of one’s toes, to a loaded movement on tippy toes, to a flat-footed movement. By contextualizing the back squat’s history, this article challenges rigid notions of “correct” squatting technique and encourages a more nuanced understanding of exercise selection in strength and conditioning practice. It concludes by highlighting the importance of critically examining the social construction of knowledge in fitness and sport, and the value of historical perspective in informing contemporary training practices
This article provides essential guidelines for athletes beginning a strength and conditioning program that ensures safety and productivity of the training sessions.
This article provides a brief overview of literature where regional hypertrophy was reported. It also discusses the basic science and application of regional hypertrophy training.
Personal trainersExercise ScienceProgram designHypertrophyExercise SelectionResistance TrainingRange of MotionPennation Angle
This article takes a closer look at training strength and stiffness in connective tissues.
CoachesExercise ScienceExercise TechniqueProgram designBasic Pathophysiology and Science of Health Status or Condition and Disorder or DiseaseConnective TissueStretch Shortening CycleRehabilitationACLTendonLigamentPlyometrics
This book excerpt explains how to perform the box step-off landing assessment, which is used to determine an athlete’s readiness before beginning a program in agility and quickness.
CoachesExercise TechniqueTesting and EvaluationSpeedagilitybox testagility and quicknessmovement assessmentexercsie assessment
Read a step-by-step description of how to perform the two-arm kettlebell swing, in this exclusive excerpt from the book Exercise Technique Manual for Resistance Training-3rd Edition With Online Video, published by Human Kinetics.
CoachesExercise ScienceExercise Techniquekettlebellkettlebell swingkettlebell trainingtwo-arm kettlebell swingstrength training