The squat is one of the most widely used exercises in resistance training programs. The aim of this narrative review was to analyze the effect of the squat on lower-limb muscle hypertrophy. Briefly, the available literature indicates that the squat is an effective exercise for inducing hypertrophy of the quadriceps, mainly the vastii, but also the rectus femoris, although to a reduced magnitude. Multiple lines of evidence suggest little to no hamstring hypertrophy from the back squat. Although the gluteus maximus clearly participates mechanically in the back squat, few longitudinal studies exist on the topic. The limited evidence available on this topic suggests deeper squats may be more hypertrophic for the gluteus maximus, and that, squat depth beyond 908 of knee flexion may not provide further hypertrophy of the knee extensors. Despite the popularity of the many squat variations, there are still controversies surrounding their hypertrophic potential for lower-limb musculature. Further studies are needed to investigate the hypertrophic effects of different squat variations, as well as differences in hypertrophy because of squat depth, stance, barbell position, and different squat apparatuses/machines.

Nick Tumminello, 2016 NSCA Personal Trainer of the Year, discusses strategies to enhance single-leg exercises.

Exercise Technique: Front Squat

This video demonstrates coaching cues that can help an athlete to utilize optimal squat technique. It specifically addresses stance width, heel position, head position, and squat depth

In this Career Talk session from the 2019 National Conference, West Point Senior Associate Athletic Director for High Performance, Jonathan Oliver, shares principles for effective interviews and how to put your best foot forward in front of your future employer.

Darcie Burde, Assistant Director for Fitness at University of Florida, demonstrates how to translate movement assessments into training clients from all walks of life.

Renowned powerlifter, Matt Wenning demonstrates proper form, volume, and muscles required to squat optimally in this session from the 2016 NSCA National Conference. The video includes coaching cues to help you teach squat technique to your athletes.